The Ugly Truth About Beauty Essay Example

The Ugly Truth About Beauty Paper M N Matthews, English 21A Section 1225 5 July 2011 The Ugly Truth about Beauty: Summary In the article entitled The Ugly truth about Beauty written by Dave Barry, Barry illustrates how women view differently about their appearance than men. Women have very unrealistic perspectives on beauty. Society and the media, encourages low self-esteem. Making beauty unattainable for women and causing adversely affects upon relationships. Women focus so much on their appearance to say â€Å"not good enough†, purchasing products from the beauty industry. In contrast, Men on the other hand do not spend as much time and effort on their appearance like women; they do not spend countless hours in the mirror trying to figure out why he doesn’t look like Brad Pitt. Instead men would find some way to bolster their self-esteem that doesn’t require the looks of Brad Pitt. However to keep in mind that Dave Barry†; A man has written the article, â€Å"The ugly Truth about Beauty†. Barry implies that women have low self-esteem, yet no matter how much you tell women how great she looks, in her perspective she will stand face to face in the mirror still conclude that something is missing about her appearance. But â€Å"just because WE’RE idiots, that does not mean YOU have to be†. To Agree or Not Yes I do agree with Barry’s assessment of why there are differences in the ways men and women view themselves. The Beauty Industry and the media is a great factor such as television. Celebrities are always on T. V. onstantly becoming a target of what’s next? Kids, men and women watch shows and at times pay close attention to them, wondering what their wearing ,trying to get a clue of what to wear and what not to wear. Media always find ways to a person mind through advertisements. T. V. ads promote clothes, beauty products implanting the idea that, â€Å"you need this product to age young† or â€Å"Have a great body for the summer with Nutri-system† ,â€Å"Turn heads with head and shoulders , New and Improved formula†. Advertisements from the media have a huge impact on men and women. We will write a custom essay sample on The Ugly Truth About Beauty specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Ugly Truth About Beauty specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Ugly Truth About Beauty specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer They buy these products thinking that this is what they need to have a body like Jennifer Lopez or having firm skin like a new born baby. In conclusion Men and women have their own personal reasons why they feel the need to give in to the ad’s and purchase products because of what they promise to do. I feel that in some way women and men feel some type of insecurity based on what society and the media pitch, so they buy the products with the promising labels of how to look your best to fit in to the world.

Free Essays on Gullivers Travels

Without a doubt, the greatest achievement of Jonathan Swift, the master of irony and satire, is his satirical masterpiece Gulliver’s Travels. Swift wrote his â€Å"travel novel† not to entertain the world, but to inform it. The satirical work was written to show the follies, vices, and the stupidity of mankind, by comparing it to the follies, vices, and stupidity of Swift’s mind’s machinations. It was the belief of the author that by comparing ourselves to others, we might be able to see our own true nature, enabling us to see the foolishness and idiocy in our own lives. The text that best addresses Swift’s thought on seeing who we truly are through comparison can be found in the first chapter of the second book where Lemuel Gulliver is lamenting his second voyage in the light of discovery that men are in fact Lilliputian to other races. Gulliver downheartedly says that, â€Å"nothing is great or little otherwise than by comparison.† In the Voyage to Lilliput, Swift begins comparing the political situation of that tiny, island nation to that of England, and how the political structures of both islands have become corrupted, ridiculous, and petty. In Lilliput, much like in England, the offices of courtiers and ministers were not appointed based upon achievement or skill in public service, but upon trivialities, nepotism, and favors. The cruel and ambitious Emperor of Lilliput has no greater desire than to totally destroy Blefescu, the land across the sea, in a war that has long lost any meaning, and enslave its population. This situation is extremely comparable to the long, bloody history between France and England. In Swift’s day, the two European states were on unfriendly terms whenever not at war. The ambition of enslavement can also be compared to the great European powers’ policy of manifest destiny, colonization, rule, and ownership of the â€Å"savages.† In Lilliput the heir to t he â€Å"Delight and Terror of th... Free Essays on Gulliver's Travels Free Essays on Gulliver's Travels Without a doubt, the greatest achievement of Jonathan Swift, the master of irony and satire, is his satirical masterpiece Gulliver’s Travels. Swift wrote his â€Å"travel novel† not to entertain the world, but to inform it. The satirical work was written to show the follies, vices, and the stupidity of mankind, by comparing it to the follies, vices, and stupidity of Swift’s mind’s machinations. It was the belief of the author that by comparing ourselves to others, we might be able to see our own true nature, enabling us to see the foolishness and idiocy in our own lives. The text that best addresses Swift’s thought on seeing who we truly are through comparison can be found in the first chapter of the second book where Lemuel Gulliver is lamenting his second voyage in the light of discovery that men are in fact Lilliputian to other races. Gulliver downheartedly says that, â€Å"nothing is great or little otherwise than by comparison.† In the Voyage to Lilliput, Swift begins comparing the political situation of that tiny, island nation to that of England, and how the political structures of both islands have become corrupted, ridiculous, and petty. In Lilliput, much like in England, the offices of courtiers and ministers were not appointed based upon achievement or skill in public service, but upon trivialities, nepotism, and favors. The cruel and ambitious Emperor of Lilliput has no greater desire than to totally destroy Blefescu, the land across the sea, in a war that has long lost any meaning, and enslave its population. This situation is extremely comparable to the long, bloody history between France and England. In Swift’s day, the two European states were on unfriendly terms whenever not at war. The ambition of enslavement can also be compared to the great European powers’ policy of manifest destiny, colonization, rule, and ownership of the â€Å"savages.† In Lilliput the heir to t he â€Å"Delight and Terror of th...

Annotated Bibliography on Tacrine

Annotated Bibliography on Tacrine Sathyan G et al (1995) studied the effect of solvents such as water, propylene glycol and ethanol and their mixtures for transdermal drug delivery on in vitro permeation of tacrine through rat and human skin. Largest flux and permeability were observed from ethanol-propylene glycol and water-ethanol binary mixtures, respectively. Excellent correlation between the rat and human skin data was observed. The formulations were found to be devoid of skin irritancy property. Ethanol-propylene glycol (1:1) mixture with a flux of 98 Â µg/cm 2 through rat skin was found to be a promising solvent system for the transdermal delivery of Tacrine. Yanq Q et al (2001) formulated microparticles of tacrine using poly (D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) by solvent evaporation technique. Effect of formulation variables on Encapsulation efficiency and release was studied. Results showed an increase in encapsulation efficiency by 10 times and decrease in rate of release when molecular weight of polymer was changed from 8,000to 59,000 and 155,000 The study indicated that tacrine microparticles have a strong potential for long term treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Kankkunen T et al (2002) investigated the iontophoretic delivery of Tacrine on 10 healthy adult volunteers by comparing a commercial LOGEL electrode with an ion exchange fibre formulation. Clinically significant plasma concentrations 21.3 + 5.9 ng/ml was achieved by commercial system whereas 14.9 + 2.6 ng/ml was achieved through ion exchange fibre system. The study showed that iontophoretic delivery of Tacrine is safe .Serum alanine transferase levels

Environmental and social impact from AL-HAMRA tower On heart of Kuwait Essay

Environmental and social impact from AL-HAMRA tower On heart of Kuwait city - Essay Example The Al Hamra Tower, for the purpose of its construction, has occupied almost 18,000-square meter of space in the East Maqwa district of Kuwait City. Two leading construction companies, Al Hamra Real Estate and Ajial Real Estate that represents the owner, have collaborated together for successful construction of the modern architectural landmark. In addition to the various facilities offered to the national and international visitors, this tower will also comprise a 77-story tower consisting of prime office space and crowned by a spectacular rooftop restaurant, a spa and an attached lifestyle shopping center. The shopping center will include a 10-screen Cineplex which will also have IMAX theaters. Despite the reason that the Al Hamra Tower will prove advantageous for the citizens of Kuwait in many ways and it will also add to the overall aesthetic beauty of the city but at the same time there is no scope to deny that it will also cause a great deal of environmental hazards during the time of its construction. Thus, it is important in this context to receive an overview of the whole situation, before and after construction of the tower. It has also been estimated by the constructing parties of the tower that aftermath its completion, the tower will contribute to a great extent in changing the overall socio-economic condition of the surrounding area. As this tower will be one of the most important centers for business and several other types of jobs, it is expected that after completion of the tower access of common localities to different job and income opportunities will also enhance accordingly. Thus, erection of the tower contains within its scope the twofold aspects of goo d and evil from societal perspective. The main aim of the report is to discuss the environmental and social effects resulted from erection of this project on the surrounding environment (i.e. during construction and after completion) and on the physical life in

Ten Socio-Psychological Motivation that can be satisfide by a Tourist Research Paper

Ten Socio-Psychological Motivation that can be satisfide by a Tourist Visiting Fiji - Research Paper Example Tourists are motivated to travel because of different issues. This essay analyses the socio-psychological motivators that make tourists travel to their various destination. Our destination that we will focus on is the country of Fiji and we will indicate how each of these socio-psychological needs is satisfied in the country of Fiji with use of various pictures. 2.0 Republic of Fiji This is an island nation found in South Pacific Ocean. It is located in Melanesia. It is bordered by several countries like Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Tonga and Samoas. It covers an area of 194,000 square kilometres and a population of around 78,000. It is a country with several islands to be estimated to be more than 332 and only 106 are uninhabited. It has abundance of minerals forests and fish resources. One of the main sources of income of the country is tourism industry. It also enjoys a source of foreign exchange from sugar exports. Fiji is renown of its ability to build the finest vessels of pacific. It has four major divisions those are central, eastern, northern and western. They are further divided into 14 provinces (Wright, 1986, pp.6-24). 3.0 Tourism in Fiji Tourism is one of major sectors of an economy of countries that have the capability of and luck of participating in it. Fiji supports tourism industry and is thus growing at a faster rate in terms of the number of people employed in tourism industry of around 45000. It is a private driven sector and contributes approximately 25 percent of GDP of the country. It has several holiday opportunities, beautiful beaches and places that allow tropical romance. It has white sand, pristine reefs, lush rainforest and great accommodation facilities. Individuals have embraced diverse culture although they still preserve their indigenous customs. It has good established airline services like Air Pacific, Air Calin, Air New Zealand, Continental Airlines and several more airstrips (Wright, 1986, pp.6-24). They enjoy a variety of sports activities comprising of rugby, golf and several festivals. They are a mixture of Fijians, Chinese, Indians, colonial Europeans and other pacific islanders. They pra ctice their famous culture of fireworks. They have provided necessary transportation services like buses, cars, ferry services and helicopters for hire. Fiji has beautiful sites to host weddings and honeymoons. They also provide wedding packages. One of the colourful islands for tourists is Vanua Levi and Taveuni located in the northern part of Fiji (Derrick, 1951, pp.112-118). Other eye catching sites to see include Savusavu pearl farm and hot springs, Waisali nature reserve

Ethics, innovation and entrepreneurship Essay Example for Free

Ethics, innovation and entrepreneurship Essay With reference to one or two organization that you have studied, discuss the influence of ethics and innovation on the role of entrepreneurship (entrepreneur) and intrapreneurship (intrapreneur). Conceptual approaches play a vital role in influencing the role of entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship in an organization. Innovation, which is one of the concepts, is the ability to think anew by developing new services or products. It is synonymous with risk taking as defined in the entrepreneurial behavior. Organizations that create innovative products take on the greatest risk because they create new markets. It is the act to carve a new niche in it, as deemed by most entrepreneurs. Ethics, on the other hand is the basic concepts and fundamental principles of decent human conduct. Organizations that mobilize this conduct concerned with decisions and what and how to do it. For example, ethical considerations in the role of entrepreneurship and intrepreneurship are revolved around the ways of an organization approaches its customers by instilling good values throughout the conduct, and also through consideration in the branding of the products or services, based on morality as it portrays the image of the organization. These two concepts influence the survival of an organization in the modern world to cater the society’s demands. One of the organizations that best fit these criterions is IKEA. IKEA has introduced various ethical conducts throughout the century. One of its most significance considerations is that IKEA introduced IWAY. It is an ethic code that had been introduced by the founder of the organization as a code of conduct between the organization and its suppliers since the year 2000. It encompasses guidelines concerning working conditions, prevention of child labour, the environment and responsible forestry management. This ethical conduct is to ensure that the suppliers won’t go overboard although things may seem inevitable as most suppliers don’t put that much of concern regarding the issues and most organizations seek for reduced cost. However, IKEA prioritizes morality, and dare to be venturesome, in starting their business with ofits from the quality. This ethical conducts inhibit bribery and anything related to the impropriety andanother organization as it is to ensure that their products are top-notch and can initiate a much greater pr results in creating quality products for the customers, hence providing customers the best of what they should opt for from an organization. It will  promote trust in business, and enhance in the growth of likely more organizations alike to adhere to the same code of conduct resulting a better lifestyle in a society. People benefits from getting to use quality products, while organization and suppliers gain profits as the business go viral from the trust embedded by the customers. However, this code of conduct, to a certain extent, won’t be able to stand a chance against the long run of the business. From time to time, organizations should revise on how they conduct their business as policies change overtime in order to adapt to the current demand of the world. IWAY can’t stay appr opriate for organizations as benefits and importance would be totally different years after. Hence suppliers will end up breaking the guidelines, resulting in contract breaches causing damages and loss to both organizations. Code of conduct, is about refinement in order to get it sustainably carried out, yielding its finest outcomes. In the innovative aspect, IKEA had been coming up with the concept of sustaining the price by introducing the ‘do-it-yourselves’ concept. Lowest price is the basis of IKEA’s concept. IKEA identify new customer needs for furniture from not just from those who can afford but also among the young and less wealthy. So the founder had came out with the idea of designing furniture in kit form, leaving the customer to put them together by themselves hence, reduce the cost of assembly. The furniture is put in flat-cardboard boxes, so that customers can access to the self-service warehouse without using any third-parties. This results in almost 80% of reduced cost for transportation. This innovation, as deemed to be potently reducing most of the cost, comes from having the customers engage in the idea of ‘do-it-yourselves’. IKEA’s prices have been 30% below any other traditional furniture manufacturers. Its contemporary and innovative avant garde idea had garnered both the attention of customers and suppliers. This results in impactful effects on the society as more classes of people would be able to possess high quality products and furniture. IKEA’s ‘do-it-yourselves’ furniture not just exhibit the exquisite design and sophisticated image from the company but indicates their stand in providing quality products in affordable price. This will entirely improve the social standard of a society and cater the demand of the customers, to own furniture that suits their social living within the current globalization. However, this strategy is not foolproof. There have  been numbers of debates on how customers comment that some I KEA’s products are complicated to assemble and in further action, require the need of an expert hence require more expenses. This will get us back to square one where buyers would have to pay for assembling the products. The idea of ‘do-it-yourselves’ is vividly attracting attention of customers and suppliers however, it would be better if proper guidelines and further proposal is planned for this strategy to work. Entrepreneurs are gambling to the fact that they’re selling unfinished products to the customers hoping profits in return, however this won’t be likely to occur without proper planning and detailed reviews. As discussed in the passage above, IKEA is been putting priorities to both the suppliers and also the customers. Attention on the suppliers was to ensure that the raw materials used reach the standard of quality to yield the best products. Customers were given priorities in the aspect of wanting them to buy the products, by taking care their needs, and demands. Exclusion of any of these two societies would leave a profound impact to IKEA itself. But in this aspect, it would be better if slight inclination of priorities were given to the suppliers instead of the customers. A great enforcement on how the expensive raw materials should have been taken into count by IKEA, is essential and should undergo ethical inspection, so that it gratifies the satisfaction of both the supplier and customers. Any organization should be aware that, if the materials are not off good quality, this will affect the selling process, as well as will hinder the profits gained. It is for us to realize that even though entrepreneurship is about approaching the customers need, venturing to their demands, it is highly recommended that we should look back and reflect that without having proper supplies and the right suppliers, none of that would happen. To deduce, both the concepts, innovation and ethics influence the role of entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship in an organization. Without the actualization of these two concepts, IKEA won’t be able to achieve such influences in the modern world of furnishing.

Amerigo Vespucci :: essays research papers

AMERIGO VESPUCCI (or VESPUCIO) (ves-puteh'-ee), Italian navigator, born in Florence, Italy, 9 March, 1451; died in Seville, Spain, 22 Feb., 1512. He was of a wealthy family of merchants, and received his education from his uncle, Giorgi Antonio Vespucci, a Dominican friar, a friend and colleague of Savonarola. He engaged in business, first in Florence and afterward in Seville, where he met Columbus, perhaps as early as 1493, and where in 1497 he equipped the fleet with which that navigator sailed on his third voyage. He had previously, in 1496, had charge of fitting out a fleet for the Spanish government. Amerigo sailed from Spain in 1499 in an expedition that visited the neighborhood of Cape Paria and several hundred miles of coast, and returned in June, 1500. In May, 1501, he entered the service of Emanuel, of Portugal, and participated in an expedition that visited the coast of. Brazil. hi May, 1503, he commanded a caravel in a squadron that sailed for the discovery of Malacca, but parted company from the rest, and finally made his way to the coast of Brazil, where he discovered the bay of All Saints, remained there two months, then ran 260 leagues farther south, where he built a fort, somewhere near Cape Frio, and, leaving a colony there, returned to Lisbon in June, 1504. Early in 1505 he obtained from King Ferdinand of Spain letters of naturalization, and on 22 March, 1508, was appointed pilot-major of the kingdom, an office that he held until his death, taking charge of the preparation of a general description of coasts and accounts of new discoveries, and also superintending the construction of charts and the examination of pilots. The controversy as to whether Vespucci took precedence both of the (Jabots and of Columbus in the discovery of the mainland of America has been for centuries a matter of dispute. None of the original letters of Amerigo bearing on the subject are extant, except in translations, and these differ greatly among themselves and contain inconsistencies of fact and date. It is not even known in what language the letters were written. An account by Amerigo of his voyage of 1499, said to have been written 18 July, 1500, was published by Bandini in 1745. A letter of his to Lorenzo Piero de Medici, a cousin of Lorenzo the Magnificent, describing the voyage of 1501, was published in various editions, some in Latin, others in German, and in 1789 a new text, in Italian, was discovered by Bartolozzi.

Corporal Punishment in the Home and Spanking Varies

Spanking imposed on a child can have a harmful or helpful effect on a child’s upbringing ABSTRACT Spanking a child is one of the most controversial and talked about disciplinary method in today’s society. Rules and laws have changed to govern the way we discipline our children in our homes, schools and public places. Research has shown a mild correlation between spanking and long term physical, mental, emotional and sexual abuse on a child, while other research displays no long term effect on a child except to say that there should be a noticeable distinction between abuse and spanking. Statistics have shown that many parents believe in spanking child when deemed necessary, while others believe that spanking can be seen as a form of child abuse and that there should be other positive alternatives other than spanking. A more in depth perspicacity of the effect of spanking depends upon social views of spanking, cultural norms, sexual dangers, the racial color line, affects in early and later life, behavioral problem, the different styles of spanking as well as the circumstances behind a spanking. This research paper will lelucidate these views and issues as well as the status of current research, the methodology limitations and the belief of teaching a positive alternative discipline technique to parents. Acknowledgements There are many people that I would like to acknowledge in my overall achievement of my degree. 1st I would like to GOD for giving me the strength to continue being a full time single parent, a full time working person and a full time student. I would like to acknowledge my father; he was the brains behind most of my projects as well as the push to succeed. My children, who I endured most of the torment in my life for and last but not least, my future husband Quentin that have always given me the strength to take on the world. TABLE OF CONTENTS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Page ABSTRACT†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦iii Chapter I: Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Statement of the Problem†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 Assumption of the Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 Definition of Terms†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 Methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7 Chapter II: Literature Review†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Chapter III: Methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦21 Subject Selection and description†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 21 Instrumentation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 22 Data Collection Procedures†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 22 Data Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 23 Limitations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 23 Chapter IV: Results†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 25 Chapter V: Discussion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦27 Limitations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦27 Conclusions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦.. 8 Recommendations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 29 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 30 Appendix A: Pagination†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 33 Appendix B: How to Thrive in Graduate School†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 34 Appendix C: How to survive the Research Paper Experience†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦35 Chapter 1: Introduction Statement of the Problem While many of us were spanked as a child, our definition of spanking varies among each individual. What was done in one household could have been different in the next household but the message came across the same. There have been many debates over spanking, some feel that it is okay to spank a child, some who feel that a child should never be spanked and finally there are those who feel that a child should only be spanked for a particular reason. Some people feel that spanking can have a long term effect and those who feel that spanking will have no effect at all. Purpose of the Problem The purpose of this problem is public awareness. Many people do not know what spanking does to a child’s physical, mental, emotional or sexual state. I would also like to learn what the expert’s say about and if it will have a long term effect on my children. Assumption of the Study There are many assumptions about spanking that are published and unpublished. It is assumed that spanking will cause long term mental and sexual effects on a child. It is also assumed that spanking cause no effect on a child at all. Some experts can challenge that there is a fine line between spanking and beatings. It is my assumption that spanking could and could not do short and long term on a child, depending on the type of spanking as well as the time limit for each spanking. Definition of Terms Spanking – To discipline a child utilizing a belt, paddle for the purpose improvement. Time Out – To place a child in a certain spot (i. e a corner) for a specific amount of time as a disciplinary method. Limitation of the Study The limitation of this study is determines by those that spank, as well as the potential harm from this spanking. Methodology Two studies were conducted for this paper. The first is a study I conducted through collages and family members to determine if their spanking will pose harm to their children. This method was conducted using the Likert Scale. The second study was conducted by Dr. Slade and Dr. Wissow to determine if race / ethnicity was a factor in spanking children and behavioral problems. Chapter II: Literature Review Spanking has a long history since the beginning of time. It was noted that in Ancient Greece, it was customary for childless women to visit the temple of Juno in Athens, to be cured of sterility by the priests of an. The women had to lie face down on the temple floor, and be whipped with a lash made of goat’s hide (our world). The Roman’s also told a story where naked men danced in the streets beating every woman they came across. The girl was placed across the knees of the ‘sponsor’, and then the girl’s bottom was bared and strapped to the accompaniment of clashing cymbals. This spanking is alleged to last until the 16th century when the wife of the heir to the throne of France was childless. It was decided that a spanking would be administered daily to the princess. After a long period, she gave birth (our world). Spanking in the spiritual realm were a factor. The church even defined different types of whipping; superior whippings on the back, while inferior referred to the naked buttock. Priests used whipping as a means of expiating sins. It was common for women, after confession, to retire to a priest’s room and have her bare bottom birched while resting on a specially designed kneeler (our world). Proverbs of the bible quotes different versus pertaining to spanking a child. Proverbs 13:24 says â€Å"he who spares the rod hates his son, but he who loves him is careful to discipline him† (NIV). Proverbs 23:13 says â€Å"withhold not correction from the child: for if thou beatest him with the rod, he shall not die† (NIV). Proverbs 23:14 says â€Å"Thou shalt beat him with the rod, and shalt deliver his soul from hell† (NIV). These verses of the bible are what most people use as an excuse when they decide to discipline their children. Pope Adrian, the first was the one that finally put an end to spanking in the church. Catherine de Medici was famous for her lust in see in women bare bottom whipped. She personally spanked them on the buttock with the palm of her hand, with great blows and fairly rough handling (our world). Spanking was not only a Europe event. In the United Stated, it was widely accepted for parents to spank their children. Dorothy Spencer published her Spencer Spanking Plan. In this plan she said that it was meant to result in marital bliss. It clearly defined when a man could spank his wife, and when a woman could whip her husband (our world). Eventually spanking became associated with erotic fantasy. Parenting across the globe has changed from year to year. Spanking varies depending on the different parenting style: 1) The Martyr. This parenting style generally gives the child what they want. They often try to please the child to make the child fill fulfilled. With this type of parenting style, children are less likely to receive a spanking. 2) The pal parenting style is often displayed as the parent being a friend instead of an authoritative role in the child’s life. The children generally do what they want with little intervention from the parent. With this type of parenting style, there is little chance of a child receiving a spanking. 3) The Police officer of drill sergeant style of parenting is usually punitive or authoritative. This parenting style generally punishes for small offenses thus making spanking very likely. ) The teacher parenting style is pleased when the child asks for advice or opinions. With this parenting style there is a slight chance of spanking. 5) The booster or the promoter is a parenting style where the parents are proud of their children accomplishments. This style of parent’s shows emotions when the children do not live up to their expectations. There is a chance for spanking in this parenting s tyle due to the high expectations of the parents. 6) The snoop is a parenting style by parents that are generally hard on their children. They have a lack of trust for their children. They listening to phone conversations, follow them, search their bedrooms and hire private detectives. This parent will likely spank their children if the child gets caught in a lie. The types of spanking administered to a child can determine what type of effects positive or negative a child will sustain early and later in life. I can remember a time when my mother use to spank my sister and I with what ever she had handy. Different types can vary from hands, belts, strap, switches, paddles whips or some household items such as a shoe, brush or slipper. There are three different models associated with spanking: 1) Domestic model is the type of spanking that is usually administered by parent or guardian. 2) Judicial model is the type of spanking that is administered authorities figure such as a prison guard. This type of spanking is also common in boot camps and juvenile facilities. 3) Educational model is spanking that is administered in schools. Although many parents do not grant permission for their child to be spanked in school, there are 23 schools in the United States that still offer Corporal punishment. Spanking a child is done 90% of the time in one of two positions. The child is either laid across the knee of the parent or the child is made to stand in one position and is administered the licks. Other ways to administer a spanking to a child is called the diaper position. The child is laid on a flat surface and held legs up, by the ankles, and hit with an open hand upon the bare bottom (Wikpedia, 2007). Another position of spanking would be the child bent over a piece of furniture and touching their toes (Wikipedia, 2007). Spanking is also given over a diaper (usually merely to emphasize humiliation, but not to cause pin), over clothing, over undergarments, or upon the bare buttocks depending on the amount of pain or humiliation intended; the latter is greater increased by witnesses, such as the household, the class, or even a school assembly (Wikipedia, 2007). There is greater responsibility when disciplining a child. Many parents feel that it is necessary to spank a child for the child’s well being, other’s feel that because they were spanked as a child, they will spank their children. There are many things that need to be done to establish a relationship with your child; some include teaching a child to listen and building a bond between parent and child. If a spanking is in order there are a number of things that have to be considered (1) the number of swats to give a child and (2) how hard the swats need to be. There are advocated that are for and against spanking. The advocates for spanking feel that spanking is up to the parent stating that parents have the right to raise their children in the way they consider most appropriate. They also hold there is little evidence that moderate spanking is harmful. Many believe that discipline problems among children have recently increased, and partially attribute the increase to the decline of both parental authority and the use of spanking (Wikipedia, 2007). Other people feel that spanking causes no long term harm or damage. It has been argued that when parents and children are engaged in a prolonged struggle for authority, the anger, bitterness that result can cause emotional estrangement that far outweighs any possible negative effects from moderate spanking, while a sound spanking would â€Å"clear the air. Some advocates for spanking comes from a behaviorist point of view, and argue that as spanking is a form of operant conditioning, the child associates certain behavior with the physical pain and/or humiliation caused by spanking. Since a child’s learning process may be less complex than that of an adult, they claim that children are more likely to be influence by such a conditioning (Wikipedia, 2007). Advocates against spanking such as the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP, 1998) recommend that parents be encourage and assisted in the development of methods other than spanking for managing undesired behavior (AAP, 1998). They goes further to say that the more children are spanked, the more anger they report as adults, the more likely they are to spank their own children, the more likely they are to approve of hitting a spouse, and the more marital conflict they experience as adults (AAP, 1998). The Natural Child Project list several reasons not to spank a child (1) Hitting your child teaches then to become hitters. (2) The child is simply responding in the only way he can. (3) Punishments distract the child from learning how to resolve conflicts. (4) Spare the Rod and Spoil the child 5) Punishment interferes with bond between parent and child. (6) Punishment can escalate to more frequent and dangerous actions against the child. (7) Anger and frustration becomes stored (8) Physical punishment gives unfair message. (9) Physical punishment gives message that hitting is an appropriate way to express feelings (Hunt, 1997) Some negative effects of spanking is some children will have anxiety disorders, drug and alcohol problems, antisocial behavior and depression were more prevalent among adults who had been spanked as children. Other problems are that it is easy for a parent to lose patience; light swats can escalate after repeated failures at curtailing inappropriate behavior (Blaker). Some positive effects include stirring the children in the right directions, making a child know right from wrong, kids will understand once they get older that they parents really care about their well being and the direction of their lives as a result of the spanking, and most of all spanking is a form of direct discipline. When to spank and the circumstances surroundings spanking is important knowledge. It is okay to spank a child when the child lies, steals, is disrespectful or disobedient or simply when the parent gets upset because they cannot take it anymore. A recent MSNBC article outlined some of the reader’s comments on their opinion about spanking. Rhonda feels that it all depends on your child. You have to match the discipline to the child. Spanking should be used as a last resort when nothing else works (MSNBC, 2007). Although Rhonda feels that spanking should be used as a last resort, Sherry from Charlotte, North Carolina says that spanking is a personal decision to be made by the parent (MSNBC, 2007). While Chris from Omaha, Nebraska feels that not hitting, not slapping but spanking works. Spanking is a controlled form of discipline, not an emotional outburst, or reaction to being angry – this is called hitting. There is a huge difference between spanking and hitting and those who use spanking as an effective disciplinary measure will have no problem defending the practice (MSNBC, 2007). I agree with Chris, spanking should not be done out of anger but as a mean of punishment to teach the child a lesson, or prevent the child from repeating the current situation. Bryan from Lake Worth Florida believes that it is a parental question that should be left up to the parent. They are the responsible ones, after all (MSNBC, 2007). Bryan has a good point; parents should be the ones that dictate when and how a child gets a spanked. Parents have been given the smaller end of the stick when it comes to their children. Finally Greg from Alabama feels that Spanking is the only effective method of child discipline. There is a difference between hitting and spanking, yet most experts think they are the same. Spanking is biblical and ordered by GOD. If God says it is OK we should listening (MSNBC, 2007). While Greg believes that spanking may be the only effective discipline, it also depends on the child and how spanking effects them. Cultural norms can play a big role when it comes to spanking. In the United States many people view spanking as a form of discipline, while some view it as an abusive model that may very well turn that child into an aggressive individual. Researchers from Duke University and other University around the world, conducted research to determine if culture plays a role in how parents spank their children. Of their results they came to the conclusion that mothers in Thailand were least likely to physically discipline their children, followed by mothers in China, the Philippines, Italy, India, and Kenya, with mothers in Kenya most likely to physically discipline their children (Science Daily, 2005). They also found that more frequent use of physical discipline was less strongly associated with child aggression and anxiety when it was perceived as being more culturally accepted, but physical discipline was also associated with more aggression and discipline regardless of the perception of cultural acceptance (Science Daily, 2005). Jessica Lansford, Ph. D. , a research scientist at the Center for Child and Family Policy at Duke University also says a particular parenting practice may become a problem only if parents use it in a cultural context that does not support the practice (for example, if they migrate from one country to another)(Science Daily, 2005). Other negative effects of spanking are that it can create an association between pain and sexual pleasure. The buttock can be a child’s sexual sense of the human anatomy. Spanking also trespasses on one of the body’s most private and sexual areas – the buttock (Johnson, 2002). The sexual nature of the buttock is explained not only by their proximity to the genitals, but also by their high concentration of nerve endings which leads directly to sexual nerve centers. Hence, the buttocks are a major focus of sexual signals (Johnson, 2002). They also go to say spanking can interfere with a child’s normal sexual and psychological development. Slapping them can trigger powerful and involuntary sensations of sexual pleasures and a child who buttock are spanked may experience deep and lasting sexual shame (Johnson, 2002). There are a large majority of experts that believe that children should not be spanked especially girls. According to Jordan Riak, a retired school teacher and the executive director of Parents and teachers against Violence in Education, when a girl is spanked by her father or paddled by a male school teacher, she is being trained to submit. Risk also go to say when a school district permits teachers to paddle girls it is setting those girls up to be victims of future male authority figures, whether it be a boyfriend, husband or employer. Many of the experts associate spanking with sexual desires. Race and gender have a very big influence on spanking children. Does it make a difference who the child receives a spanking from? It is noted in the making of the slave that a woman spanking a boy teaches the boy to become submissive. â€Å"She would have a limited protective tendency toward her independent male offspring and would raise male offspring to be dependant like her. Nature had provided for this type of balance. We reverse nature by bullwhipping to the point of death. By her being left alone, unprotected, with the male image destroyed, the ordeal caused her to move from her psychologically dependant state to a frozen, independent state† (Lynch, 2005). In this independent state, â€Å"she will raise her male and female offspring in reversed roles. She will train him to be mentally weak and dependant, but physically strong† (Lynch, 2005). Because of this black children and male children are much more likely to be hit at home and school and spanking of boys tend to be more severe, more frequent and more aggressive than girls. Ironically, the research shows that while corporal punishment is counterproductive for all children, it is even more counterproductive for boys than girls (Wikipedia, 2007). Spanking is more common among low income parents, in the South, for boys, and by mothers, especially white mothers (those under age 33). Overall, older parents are less likely to use corporal punishment than younger parents (Day et al. , 1998; Straus and Stewart; Walsh, 2002). Parents that choose to spank their children have to know how young a child should be when they first start receiving spankings. A survey was conducted and it indicated that 94 percent of Americans spank their children by the time they are 3 or 4. About 36 percent of parents discipline their infants by slapping their hands or leg, spanking their buttock, pinching, shaking, hitting on the buttock with a belt or paddle, or slapping the infants face. More than half of the parents hit their children hit at age 12, a third at age 14, and 13 percent at age 17. Hitting a child with a belt or paddle is most common for children aged 5 to 12. (Straus and Stewart, 1998). There are many factitious beliefs when it comes to spanking. Some of the fact and fictions are: (1) Spanking is an effects way to manage behavior. Spanking is not a way to stop a child from misbehaving. It will only make a child misbehave more and can develop many problem because of the spanking. (2) I got hit when I was a kid and I turned out okay Because some people who were spanked turned out to live good and health lives, not all are so lucky. (3) If we don’t spank our children, they will grow up to be rotten. A child being rotten does not come from a lack of spanking. There are many children who grow up rotten while being spanked. 4) The bible says Spare the Rod and Spoil the child and I must obey God. The bible also says that children should honor thy mother and thy father, which could the reason that they are so many delinquent children and serial killers. The bible is used as a support tool for the dos and the don’ts when it comes to disciplining children. A similar method could just as well been used to justify slavery, suppression of women, polygamy, incest and infanticide. Basically to use the bible to spank is just an excuse (Block, 2007). Spanking imposed on a child early in life can have tremendous effect on a child’s psychological state. The National longitudinal Survey of young Mother-Child Sample conducted a study on 1,966 children younger than two. The results of this study confirmed that behavioral problems do not affect children until after the age of 4 in certain races. White non Hispanic families have the higher number of behavior problem associated with affects of mental, physical and behavioral problems as a result of spanking. Experts feel that spanking is no more effective than any other discipline. They feel that spanking is a short-term solution. Murray A. Straus, a professor of Sociology at the University of New Hampshire and co-director of that’s school Family Research Laboratory says it is no more effective than many other forms of discipline such as time outs, that work just as well in the short run and have no negative long term effects (Straus). Diana Baumrind, a research psychologist at the University of California feels that spanking is no more or less harmful than a mild scolding, timeout or other developmentally appropriate level and kind of punishment (MSNBC). The American Academy of Pediatrics is against spanking children. They feel that spanking children has potential side effects. Paul Frick, a researcher at Fisk University in New Orleans says that spanking and hitting can lead to later emotional and behavioral problems. Even children who are only smacked occasionally are more likely to show signs of depression or lower self – esteem (MSNBC). My personal view of spanking is that it should be administered only when warranted. Children should not be spanked when a parent had reached a boiling limit. I believe that if children are not spanked they have a higher chance of developing disrespectful tendencies. Spanking not only curbs a child’s attitude but it makes them more respectful to adults and authority. Society places labeled on children that misbehave and often blames the parents, but at the same time parents that spank their children are often ridiculed by their peers and society. I believe that other alternative methods should be tried before a spanking is given but if the other means do not work, then spank the child. Because spanking is one of the renowned topics discussed annually, Interviews as well as surveys are also conducted annually. ABCNEWS conducted a poll on if most Americans approved spanking; they found that by a public result by a 2-1 margin, many people approve spanking. In their study they found that 65 percent of Americans approved spanking, they also found that 50 percent of parents spanked their children while 45 percent do not (ABCNEWS). ABC says that there is a regional difference among southerners and the rest of the country. 73 percent of southerners approved of spanking children compared to the 60 percent elsewhere. This ABCNEWS poll was conducted by telephone Oct 25-29 in a random sample of about 1015 adults. The use of interviews makes a big difference in gaining public opinion and expert opinion. I conducted a survey of about 16 people on Feb 16 to get public (co workers, friends and family) opinion on if they believe that spanking harms or helps a child. These subjects were selected by race, age, marriage status, children or no children. 100 percent of the subjects believed that children should be spanked when appropriate or to teach a lesson, they also feel that it is appropriate to use belts and a verbal warning should be given before rendering a spanking. 0 percent of the respondents believed that child delinquents were spanked as a child while the other 50 percent believe that they were not. 100 percent of these subjects were spanked as a child and believes that if a child is spanked they will not grow up aggressive, hit others, feel humiliated or become angry. There were no considerable differences in those who feel spanking will have a harmful long term effect. Those opposed to s panking children believes that there are other methods for discipline children. Preventing or discouraging bad behavior is also more effective than punishing the child. Preventing measures include avoiding situations that may cause trouble, distracting the child with positive activities, ignoring minor transgressions that have few consequences and rewarding good behavior. Placing children in â€Å"time out† is the most effective way to manage disruptive behavior once it has occurred. Parents should consistent and fair in their interactions with children and should invest â€Å"time in† i. e. , special time each day devoted to the relationship. (Walling). The future of spanking is determined by those that utilize it. Many people believe that spanking will some day be banned. Many lawmakers have introduced bill that may potential change the way we spank our children. California Democratic assembly woman Sally Lieber introduced a bill that would outlaw this behavior with children under 4. If the bill becomes law, that parent in the parking lot could be charged with a misdemeanor punishable by a year in jail or a fine of up to $1,000 (MSNBC). Until we as Americans are forced to give up the practice of spanking, spanking will remain one of the most controversial and researched topic. Chapter III: Methodology While many of us were spanked as a child, we continue to spank our children for the reasons we see fit. Spanking children could pose some behavioral problems for some while no problems at all for others. There have been many debates over spanking; this chapter will address the studies conducted to verify if spanking poses any threat to children. It is determined that at least 94% of children have been spanked in the last year. A National Survey administered by the Commonwealth Fund found that 11% of parents reported spanking their child 6 to 11 months of age, 36% reported spanking a child 12 to 17 months and 59% reported spanking a child 18 to 23 months of age (Slade and Wissow, 2003). Dr’s Slade and Wissow conducted research by race to determine if spanking associates itself with behavioral problems in children under 4. Subject Selection and Description Using information from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Mother-Child (NLSY-MC), participants were selected using multistage stratified samples of dwellings, and group quarters. In the beginning, there were about 75,000 dwellings, over sampling African and Hispanic Americans and disadvantaged white. This selection focused on children under 21 in the home environment and child development. Starting in 1986 and continuing every two years thereafter, the NLSY-MC had 4845 children, 2879 were excluded for because of follow up interviews or had not yet attended preschool or elementary school. Other exclusion included missing values of child behavior and the use of spanking (Slade and Wissow, 2003). Of the exclusions of the study, 28. 2% vs. 23. 0; P 119, which stated that 10% children in this range have more frequent and more severe behavior problems than the other 90% of children in the United States (Slade and Wissow, 2003). Data Collection Procedures The data collected for the procedure were used using a likelihood ratio statistics to test the null hypothesis that probit model coefficient estimates were the same for the three ethnics / sub samples. Rejections of this hypothesis were used to determine if separate analyses by race/ethnic worked better for the data. The number of spankings was entered into the probit models as a quadratic term by spanking frequency and square of spanking frequency. Past research showed that the relationship between spanking and behavioral problems is nonlinear, with larger marginal effects observed at greater spanking frequencies. Slade and Wissow, 2003) Data Analysis During this study, models were used for each variable using full sample and 3 sub samples (white, African Americans and Hispanic Americans). The purpose of separating the samples was for the association of race and physical discipline of child behavior problems. The change in children who exhibited the outcome of change represented the estimated effect of a 1-unit increase in value of children who had BPI of >119 or those that displayed behavioral problems in school. For the dichotomous variable, the marginal effect change in value from 0 to 1 of children with those outcomes (Slade and Wissow, 2003). Some measures could have been correlated; the samples included 1 child per mother. Out of the 1540 samples used, 75% of mothers had one child, 21% of mothers had two children, 2% had three children and . 4% of mothers had four children used in this study. Limitations Dr. Slade and Dr. Wissow encountered several limitations white conducting this study. First, the father of the children and other adults were not conducted, so there is not way of determining if the spankings were administered by the mother, father, or both. Second, they found that the limitation of this data to be influenced because of the magnitude associated between spanking and behavioral problems. Third, there is no available information available on other forms of punishments used on these children. They believe that other forms of punishments may also lead to other behavioral problems. Other rating behavioral problems by mothers but were not confirmed by an independent observation. Fourth, fewer than half of the obtained samples were in the Hispanic Americans and African Americans sub samples that limited associations of spanking and behavior problems which apply only to 8% to 13% of the overall sample. Fifth, many children from the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Mother-Child Sample (NLSY-MC) were excluded from this study because of missing information representing 59% of eligible children. Many of the participants did not attend follow up interviews which makes the samples more bias toward African American and Hispanic Americans. These biases might have reduced the magnitude of the association of spanking frequency and behavioral problems are likely to have been relatively more common among low-income whites whose children were excluded from this sample† (Slade and Wissow, 2003). Chapter IV: Results The results of the study show differences (p < . 05) among the three sub samples. They indicate that the white non Hispanic respondents were from a hi gher socioeconomic background than those of the black and Hispanic backgrounds. Income factors were higher for White families ($46,400), followed by Hispanic families ($35,200) and Africa American families ($26,300). Comparing all three groups white mothers were more likely to be married (87. 8 % vs. 45. 5% and 75. 0%). They were more likely to have completed at least 12 years of schooling (46. 7% vs. 38. 2% and 31. 7%), were older, and were more likely to read to their children (68. 2% vs. 39. 1% and 40. 1%). African American mothers compared to white mothers, white mothers were spanked their children less often than black mothers, they were more likely to display positive interaction with their children, they were less likely to have parent-teacher meeting about child behavior, and they were less likely to have BPI scores of >119. African American mothers compared to Hispanic mothers, Hispanic mothers were more likely to be married (75. 0% vs. 45. 5%), and they were less likely to spank their children (2. 7 times vs. 4. 0 times) (Slade and Wissow, 2003). Associations of spanking and behavior problems were positive and significant with children that required parent-teachers conferences (x2 = 9. 807, P = . 007) and with the children that have BPI scores of >119 (x2 = 8. 901, P = . 012). This association differs among the three races. The white families showed that there is an significant and positive correlation with behavior problems and spanking (x2 = 17. 68, P < . 001), African American families being slightly positive and found not to be statistically significant (x2 – . 666, P = . 717), Hispanic families was negative and found not to be statistically significant (x2 = . 010, P = . 995). These results show that African American children and Hispanic children were more likely to have behavioral problem s when they were not spanked. White children who were spanked more frequently also displayed higher behavioral problems than those of Hispanic and African American children (Slade and Wissow, 2003). Chapter V: Discussion / Findings Several important factors emerged from this paper as well as the different studies conducted for research on this topic. Overall, most parents not only reported using spanking as a means of controlling their child’s behavior but believes that spanking could pose no long term harm to their child as a result of spanking. In my study that I explored the association of spanking children to long term mental, physical, and sexual behaviors. I found that most of the respondents agree that they have spanked their children when warranted, they also believes that spanking their children was a way to control future behavioral problems. In the study conducted by Dr. Slade and Dr. Wissow, they explored the associations of spanking frequency before age 2 with children risk of developing behavioral problems. Among the children in their study, there were substantial predictors for the children developing behavioral problems especially at schools. They addressed several possibilities that may be associated with the differences among the racial groups. They believe that spanking is greatly accepted among the African American group which means that they view spanking as less harsh and fair. In White families, where spanking is not used too often, children before the age of 2 could lead to other developmental problem for the child and problems for the parents. African Americans children were found in all studies to pose a higher risk for behavioral problems. Limitations As stated before there were several limitations encountered while conducting research on this paper. The only limitations that I encountered with my study were how often a child should be spanked, what a child should be spanked with and the difference between a spanking and a beating. The way I was spanked as a child, I would never spank my children that way. My mother basically used anything close to her hands to hit or throw. I got spanked with extension cords, broom sticks, hands, pans, clothes, tree branches and shoes. These limitations did not have an impact on this paper and the research that was conducted. It gave me a better insight as to other people opinion and what others thought about effective disciplinary actions that should be imposed on a child. The limitations of the study conducted by Dr. Slade and Dr. Wissow was the (1) not knowing the adults that spanked the child, (2) a magnitude of behavioral problems an spankings, (3) no available information on the forms of punishments used, (4) the overall samples used for research were limited and (5) 59% of the participants were excluded from the study. Conclusions The findings of this research are simple. Effective discipline works for different individual. If a child is spanked they will grow up no less rotten or worse than a child who was not. A child can be spanked for different reasons using different methods. Spanking of long term effects draws a line of spanking and beatings. For us that were spanked as a child, we felt that we grew up without any problems. Some people feel that spanking does physical, emotional, mental and sexual harm to the child that is being spanked. The way a child grows up and the life they lead is not determined by the numbers of spanking that child receives. There is no knowledge or proven fact that spanking harms or helps a child, there is only personal and expert opinion. Recommendations As I conducted research on this topic, I thought of several recommendations that could be done to curb not only public opinion but the right for parents to spank their children the way they see fit. The public opinion could be one of the harshest opinions that a parent has to encounter. There is a fine line between beating and spankings; it is the public responsibility for self awareness. It is up to the public to research and acquire information about spankings before passing judgment. Parents need to know the potential associated risks for spanking children, as well as the upsides and downsides of spanking children. Parents need to also try other alternative methods before imposing a spanking on a child. References A Short History of Spanking. (2007). Retrieved June 15, 2007, from http:ourworld. compuserve. om/homepages/moonglowDC/Letters/History. htm American Academy of Pediatrics. (1998). Guidance for Effective Discipline. Pediatrics, vol. 101. n4:pp723-728. Bradley , RH, Corwyn RF, McAdoo, HP and Coll CG (2001). The home environment of children in the United States part 1: variation by age, ethnicity, and poverty status. Child Dev,72:1844-1867 Baumrind, D. (1996). A blanket injunction against disciplinary use of spanking is not warranted by the data. (The Short – and long -Term Consequences of Corporal Punishment: Proceeding of a conference, February 9 and 10, 1996 in Elk Grove Village, Illinois). electronic version] Pediatrics, v98. n4:pp828(4). Benokraitis, N. â€Å"Raising Children: Prospect and Pitfalls. † Marriages and Families. Changes, Choices and Constraints. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. 2005. 5th ed. Blaker, K. Spare the Rod, Spoil the child? The Negative Effects of Spanking—and Some Healthy Alternatives. Mothering. Retrieved June 12, 2007, from http:/www. mothering. com/articles/growing_child/discipline/spare_the_rod. html Block, N. (2000). Abandon the Rod and Save the Child [electronic version]. The Humanist, 60. 2: p5. Block, N. (2007). Discipline at Home (EPOCH – USA). Spanking Fact and Fiction. Retrieved June 13, 2007 from http://www. stophitting. com/disathome/factAndFiction. php Campbell, S. (2002). Spare the rod to spare the child? Corporal Punishment remains popular in America, despite associated risks. (Parenting). (Brief Article) [electronic version]. Psychology Today, 35. 5:p26(1) Clayton, V. (2007). Discipline debate: Spanking gets a timeout. Proposed Calif. Law reignites battle over best way to deal with unruly tots. Retrieved June 12, 2007, from http://www. msnbc. msn. com/id/16929303/print/1/displaymode/1098 Colvard, K. (1996). Spanking and triage. The Short – and long -Term Consequences of Corporal Punishment: Proceeding of a conference, February 9 and 10, 1996 in Elk Grove Village, Illinois). [electronic version] Pediatrics, v98. n4:pp807(2). Corporal Punishment takes research hit. (Behavior). (Brief Article). (2002). Science News. 162. 5:p77(1). Huffman, B. (1995). Use of spanking as discipline by mothers of young children. (i ncludes editor’s note) (adapted from Pediatrics) (Tips from other Journals). [electronic version]. American Family Physician. V51. n6:pp1586(2). Hunt, J. (1997). Ten Reasons Not to Hit Your Kids. Retrieved June 13, 2007 from http://www. aturalchild. org/jan_hunt/tenreasons. html Johnson, T. (2002). The Sexual Dangers of Spanking Children. Retrieved June 13, 2007, from http://www. nospank. net/sexdngrs. htm Kirchner, J. (1998). Childhood spanking and increased antisocial behavior. (Tips from other Journals). American Family Physician. V57. n4:pp798(1). Lemonick, M. (1997). Spare the Rod? Maybe. (how spanking affects children later in life). [electronic version]. Time. V15. n8:pp65(1). Lynch, W. (2005). Willie Lynch letter: Making of a Slave. Retrieved June12,2007 from http://www. finalcall. com/artman/publish/printer_2167. shtml Rice, M. (2001). Experts† Spanking Harms Children, Especially Girls. Women’s E News. Retrieved June 12, 2007 from http://www. womensenews. org/article. cfm/dyn/aid/662/context/archieve Slade, EP. , and Wissow, LS. (2004). Spanking in early Childhood and Later Behavior Problem: A Prospective Study of Infants and Young Toddlers. Pediatrics. Vol. 113. n5 Spanking Leads To Child Aggression And Anxiety, Regardless Of Cultural Norm (2005). Science Daily. Retrieved June 12,2007, from http://www. sciencedaily. com/releases/2005/11/051114110820. htm Spare the Rod. New International Version Bible Retrieved June 13, 2007 from http://www. bible. com Spurgeon, D. (1999). Study leads to a call for an end to spanking. The Western Journal of Medicine. P381 Straus, M. (1996). Spanking and the making of a violent society. (The Short – and long -Term Consequences of Corporal Punishment: Proceeding of a conference, February 9 and 10, 1996 in Elk Grove Village, Illinois). [electronic version] Pediatrics, v98. n4:pp837(6). Straus, M. (1998). The Behavorial Mearsurement Letter. Behavioral Mearsurement Database Service, v5. n2:pp3. To Spank or Not? Readers talk back. Many parents stand up to experts and support a smack on the bottom. (2007). Retrieved from http://www. msnbc. msn. om/id/17010115/print/1/displaymode/1098/ Walling, A. D. (2000). Discipling Children Without Spanking. American Family Physician. 62. 10: p2344. Wellbery C. (2005). Effects of spanking in early childhood. (Tips). [electronic version]. American Family Physician. 71. 6:p1188. Appendix A: Pagination Appendix B: How to Thrive in Graduate School There are several things that could be done to thrive in graduate school. The first is dedication. If you are not dedicated to school, there is no chance that success will happen. The second are goals. In order to accomplish the task of completing graduate school, goals must be set and completed. Graduate school takes determination. If success is not determined by those that strive to succeed, there is no chance of completing graduate school. Time is another important factor in completing graduate school. A person must know how to manage their time for school and personal issues. In order to survive graduate school, a person must want it. Appendix C: How to survive the Research Paper Experience Since I have survived several research paper experiences, this being the hardest, I believe that in order to survive this experience take a lot of time and discipline. I found it to be difficult with finding the best material for the paper. Some of the materials were 30 or more pages, which must be read through to get accurate information. Researched papers are detailed and defined with information that could possible have future use. There must be a dedication to ensure that the paper is completed and turned in on time and a second pair of eyes on the paper to ensure no mistakes are made. Surviving a research paper is somewhat frustrating especially if time does not permit but once the paper is completed there is a sense of fulfillment. ———————– 2 4 13

Edward Snowden Essay

Does anybody like to be watched? At face value, nobody wants other people to know their secrets and possibly use those secrets against them and surely nobody want all their online information recorded and their phone call wired. So why is the National Security Agency (NSA) carefully taking down everything we do with their giant yeottabyte-computers deep in the Utah Desert? We know about this NSA scheme because of the leaker Edward Snowden who has been recently granted a one-year temporary asylum by the Russian government. Why Russia granted the asylum and why Snowden is even there can be tied to three basic concepts of intercultural communication, those of culture & social group, perspective, and cultural relativism. Edward Snowden was a â€Å"security contractor at the NSA for the last four year, employed by several private contractors† (Economist 8840, 23). After announcing that he leaked the information that the NSA is using a program code-named PRISM, which collects an unknown quantity of e-mails, internet phone-calls, photos, videos, file transfer, and social-networking data from the technology giants such as Google and Facebook, Snowden boarded a plane flight to Hong Kong. According to his followers, Snowden first fled into the arms of the Chinese and then the Russian because of the harsh treatments Private Bradley Manning, the leaker of military secrets to WikiLeaks, received. On August 1, Snowden â€Å"finally managed to break free of his confinement at the transit zone of Moscow’s international airport† after he received his asylum on Thursday. In theory, this event is deeply connected to three concepts of communication: culture & social group, perspective, and cultural relativism. The three concepts are all concepts that are based on an intercultural point of view, because they all represent our culture and the dif ferences it has with other cultures. Our culture is as distinct from other cultures as two different people, they think differently, and interpret and act in accordance only to their own maxims and perspectives. The government’s perspective is very different from Snowden’s perspective, without their perspective being different, Snowden would not have done what he did, or the U.S. would not be chasing him around the globe. In addition, if the Russian Government did not recognize cultural relativism, Snowden could never dream of getting an asylum from Russia. Our culture is a key factor of why the Snowden affair even began. Because our culture can be considered quite a zealous security culture, we impose such rules that social communities and  other culture may not approve. After â€Å"September 11th 2001, George Bush tipped the balance too far from liberty toward security† and the balance stayed off ever since (Economist 8847, 11). Due to the common American way of life, people prefer a way of living in which they receive the most amount of comfort. If you walk up to an American and ask him what he thinks is important in life, one of his many answers will be the enjoyment of life. Snowden is no exception, and thought that doing something that would potentially stop the government from watching us and make himself feel more comfortable when he use a phone is totally acceptable. While the government is thinking about tracking down potential criminals, Snowden is thinking about why he is being watched and record and wired every second of his life except when he is asleep. Snowden’s perspective is the same as the government in that they both want the best for the people, but they differ widely on how that is to be achieved. Snowden believes that in order for the people to be free and genuinely happy, they must be given the right of doing what they want without certain constrains such as having their telephone record collected when they are not suspected of crimes. On the other hand, the government believed that the more America knows, the better it is at defending itself. Due to the fact that Snowden had a different perspective from the government, he â€Å"handed over ‘thousands’ of classified documents† and showed Americans what the government is doing behind their backs and in front of their faces (Economist 8840, 23). Even though there has been questions regarding why Russia granted Snowden the asylum, it can be explained easily by the communication concept of cultural relativism. Cultural relativism recognizes that cultures vary in how they think and behave as well as in what they believe and value. This clarified the point that Russians do not think as Americans and their gover nment functions differently. If Russia were to think like the American government, it would have never looked for â€Å"trouble† with Snowden. Americans consider their own welfare above all other things; due to that, when the American government grants asylums to â€Å"criminals† desperately wanted elsewhere, the government rarely think about how it is affecting the other countries. Now, when the American government is put in this situation, it automatically assumes that all action done for Snowden’s benefit is for American’s detriment. On the Russian point of view, what they are doing may actually be a way to keep the  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Security-Prioritized Americans† from going to war with others for no good reason. It is posisble that Russia thinks that it is wrong for a country to be a hypocrite, and that the American government should â€Å"learn a little lesson† from Russia’s asylum grant. Edward Snowden would not have done what he did without his culture, his social group, and his perspective. On the other hand, Russia would not grant an asylum if they did not recognize cultural relativism. Over all, the Snowden affair has been a controversy between the people and the government. The people have to apply all the communication concepts to use in order to make the future of America the best possible, and the government has to make its best judgments based on the people’s decisions. Therefore, people should all learn be better communicators, thus become better citizens, and help their country at such times of need as this.

World Civilization Primary Source Essay

World Civilization Primary Source Essay The two texts highlight the importance of proper behavior in ancient China. The similarities and differences in the two texts show how life was in ancient China. Confucius’ Analects and The Writings of Master Han Fei, are similar in their portrayal of life in ancient China. However, the two authors have different perspectives on issues related to human nature, moral codes of conduct and leadership.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on World Civilization Primary Source specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Confucius’ writings place a high importance on human nature and behavior in society. He praises men who have good virtues because they easily form strong mutual relationships in societies where they live. He argues that these people have a positive social approach to life which makes other people to emulate their actions and conduct. They have a deep understanding of societal norms and behavior expected of them as members of the society. Confucius believes that men who display high moral standards have the necessary qualities to become leaders (Coallier 85). Confucius’ views are similar to the opinions of Han Fei, who believes strong leaders are able to maintain public order in the society. Both authors agree that good public manners, public order and integrity, determine the level of prosperity a society is going to have. Han Fei argues, â€Å" Therefore, the intelligent sovereign makes the law, selects men and makes no arbitrary promotion himself† (Brindley 172). He argues that every person in the society has a responsibility to ensure that proper codes of conduct are observed when leaders perform their duties. Han Fei emphasizes on the need for good laws in maintaining order. Good laws need to be conformed to by all in the society. A state where citizens observe law and order becomes strong and powerful. The two authors agree that proper moral codes in the society bring ab out positive change in the way people live. Confucius argues that people are likely to emulate or disobey a leader because of the moral traits he projects. He feels that people are likely to follow a leader without being pushed if his social conduct is beyond reproach (Coallier 89). He insists that a virtuous leader practices kindness because this replicates the feelings his subjects have towards him and his leadership. He asserts that leaders can impact on masses positively, if they encourage them to observe good moral codes. People need to be educated for them to behave well.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Han Fei argues that a ruler needs to surround himself with men of virtue, who have high moral standards. He observes that for any society to be strong and powerful, people must observe laws which enforce moral standards. All individuals must be equal before the law. A leade r who respects and enforces the law makes his society prosperous. He argues that a leader should exercise his authority fully for people to have proper discipline. This makes it possible for public order to prevail. Han Fei insists that leaders must measure up to the expectations of their subjects, so that all activities run smoothly (Brindley 174). Both authors value the level of influence leaders and the aristocracy have on other people in the society. Even though the two writers value the influence leaders have in maintaining social tranquility, they have different views on how leaders should exercise their power. Han Fei differs from Confucius because he advocates for leaders to rule through the law.. Han Fei’s argues that the law is a tool which the government uses to control its people. He has a cynical attitude towards human nature; he describes all individuals as selfish and evil. He asserts that leaders can use the law to reward obedient citizens and punish wayward, disobedient citizens (Brindley 176). He argues that a strong leader deters errant members of a society from doing evil deeds because of severe punishments they are likely to experience. Confucius has a different perception on how a government should maintain public order and tranquility. He argues that leaders who maintain positive relations with their subjects, are likely to hold power for long (Coallier 92). He perceives human nature as inherently virtuous and as such, leaders should use their charisma and moral influence to win the support of people they lead. He believes moral education and codes of conduct are the most effective means through which a leader can reform the society. Confucius is of the view that a leader should not impose his will on people without taking time to understand them. He maintains that a leader should rally his people towards a cause that is beneficial to the whole society, for him to be valued. Han Fei argues that leaders should carefully balance bet ween patronage and punishment, to remain influential in their societies. He observes that this is the only way through which merit and good behavior in the society can be encouraged. If leaders offer rewards to virtuous members of a society, other people will be motivated to be virtuous so that they get rewarded (Brindley 178).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on World Civilization Primary Source specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The law should be used to reward people that have shown merit in what they do and punish those who go against the set moral standards. He emphasizes that for the law to be effective, it must be simple for everyone in the society to understand it. Confucius emphasizes that good governance by leaders influence people positively. He argues that leaders need to restrict the manner in which they exercise their powers to maintain good relations with their subjects. He does not advocate for leaders to use punishments to reform errant members of the society. He does not think that punishments are the most effective ways through which a leader can make his subjects obedient (Coallier 95). He insists that the only way leaders can exercise control over their people is by winning their confidence through acts of compassion. Confucius believes that a strong society, is one where a leader has strong character and is ready to serve his people. Han Fei has a low opinion of morality in the society, as he believes human beings are naturally selfish and evil. He believes that rulers should only be kind to people that display selfless behavior and integrity. Leaders should reward people who are obedient and punish those who are disobedient. He believes that members of a society need an incentive for them to act in a desirable way (Brindley 180). The only incentive that leaders can offer people who display merit are in form of rewards as stipulated by the law. In conclusion, the two authors va lue the need for a strong governing authority in the society. However, Confucius’ arguments are mainly influenced by moralist principles, while Han Fei has a more pragmatic and cynical view of human nature. Brindley, Erica. Human Agency and the Self in Thought and Politics. Hawaii: University Of Hawaii Press, 2010. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Coallier, Julien. Confucius Analects: Digital Age Edition. Bloomington: Book Tango, 2012. Print.

Research in Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Research in Politics - Essay Example However, according to Toulmin (2003, Pp. 3 – 8), only logically correct and sound argument that is well presented will lead to the right inference and impression. Toulmin (2003, Pp. 8 – 10) goes further to state that a sound argument and a well-grounded and firmly backed claim should be able to stand against criticism, one for which a case can be presented coming up to the standard required if it is to deserve a favourable consideration. Thus, it makes sense for political scientists and other intellectuals to know how to present sound arguments and to examine rigorously the soundness of arguments that interest them. Baggini and Fosl (2010, Pp. 1 – 58) present a discussion about the basic tools for argument, including deduction, induction, validity and soundness, fallacies, etc., which enable individuals to recognise the worth of an argument and to present sound arguments that appeal to reason. However, although the previously mentioned authors have presented a discussion that introduces readers to the most basic tools or ideas that help with arguments, the term ‘relevance’ merits only a brief mention in the whole reading, even though according to Walton (2004, Chapters 1 and 2), relevance in arguments is of profound significance. Thus, it is clear that despite the excellent arguments and the logic of the discussion presented by Baggini and Fosl (2010, Pp. 1 – 58), it is possible to examine this discussion more critically. The discussion presented herein is a thorough, but critical, analysis of the ideas presented by Baggini and Fosl (2010, Pp. 1 – 58) in their discussion about arguments, which should appeal to all those with an interest in politics, philosophy, logic and the force in arguments. Baggini and Fosl (2010, Pp. 1 – 5) commence their discussion by emphasising the worth of philosophy and philosophers as being seriously concerned

Define the concepts 'realism', 'fantasy', and 'utopia' Essay

Define the concepts 'realism', 'fantasy', and 'utopia' - Essay Example Realism Realism is widely-known since it contains cosmopolitan elements most people would agree to be the truth. It is a concept used to rationalise everything in the world, unifying how everyone sees reality through measurable and specific attributes (Morris, 2003). However, realism is not fully grasped by every individual due to innate differences. Each person experiences some parts of reality but not fully, making individual persons and their existences separate from absolute reality. This detachment from absolute reality is constant through time and space. Because each person has a unique set of experiences and memories by being in various places and periods in time, it would be impossible to say that how a person sees reality is the absolute truth since a person’s collection of knowledge and memories affects how reality is felt and experienced (Berger, 2008; Searle, 1995). It false to assume one person sees ultimate reality, but is socially acceptable that every person se es reality according to how one reacts to it, believing this to be the truth. The idea took a long time to form and even longer time to conceptualise due to difficulties in uniformly defining realism and reality. Before realism was coined, cultures come to accept everything simply what these things seem to them without any further questioning. The advent of Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution started people questioning what reality is, and defines this further through the growth of various fields of knowledge such as sciences and humanities. This makes it easier to create a representation of what reality truly is by delineating what defines something real and what makes it unreal, as agreeable to the majority. However the emergence of a culture giving priority or power to entities bearing the highest amount of money or capital such as rich or influential people skewed this balance of equal opportunities in presenting individual realities, giving them greater capacities to delive r their ideas and perceptions of their own reality to others compared to those lacking resources to do the same. If the powerful person or entity communicates its reality in attractive forms like literature among impressionable people with limited experiences, these audiences will be convinced of its absolute truth, twisting the people’s individual perception of realism and taking its face value for convenience. But people who totally reject and disagree with this reality do so because they either have an entirely different sense of realism based on their own experiences, or they already created opposing belief systems far from how powerful entities sell their reality. This keeps distrusting people unresponsive to mass-produced reality and fully aware of its differences with their own, shaping their own senses of realism. Fantasy and Utopia Realism has its antitheses: fantasy and utopia. For many, fantasy is something unchained, imaginary and a form of escape from one’ s insight on reality (Jackson, 1981). In this made-up world, ideas and thoughts are not confined by others’ definition and view of reality. Impossible things in realism is acceptable as true or absolute in fantasy, including the reversal of social codes, gender, good and evil, or anything most people find troublesome in the reality they experience. Fantasy bluntly or subtly rejects the reality in most people by showing the